@Article{VadasBeFiBoHaGa:2023:MoCoIC,
               author = "Vadas, Sharon L. and Becker, Erich and Figueiredo, Cosme Alexandre 
                         Oliveira Barros and Bossert, Katrina and Harding, Brian J. and 
                         Gasque, L. Claire",
          affiliation = "{Northwest Research Associates} and {Northwest Research 
                         Associates} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} 
                         and {Arizona State University} and {University of California} and 
                         {University of California}",
                title = "Primary and secondary gravity waves and large-scale wind changes 
                         generated by the Tonga volcanic eruption on 15 January 2022: 
                         modeling and comparison with ICON-MIGHTI winds",
              journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics",
                 year = "2023",
               volume = "128",
               number = "2",
                pages = "e2022JA031138",
                month = "Feb.",
             keywords = "gravity waves, ICON-MIGHTI wind, thermosphere, Tonga eruption.",
             abstract = "We simulate the primary and secondary atmospheric gravity waves 
                         (GWs) excited by the upward movement of air generated by the Hunga 
                         Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (hereafter Tonga) volcanic eruption on 15 
                         January 2022. The Model for gravity wavE SOurce, Ray trAcing and 
                         reConstruction (MESORAC) is used to calculate the primary GWs and 
                         the local body forces/heatings generated where they dissipate. We 
                         add these forces/heatings to the HIgh Altitude Mechanistic general 
                         Circulation Model (HIAMCM) to determine the secondary GWs and 
                         large-scale wind changes that result. We find that a wide range of 
                         medium to large-scale secondary GWs with concentric ring structure 
                         are created having horizontal wind amplitudes of u\′, 
                         v\′ \∼ 100200 m/s, ground-based periods of \τr 
                         \∼ 20 min to 7 hr, horizontal phase speeds of cH \∼ 
                         100600 m/s, and horizontal wavelengths of \λH \∼ 
                         4007,500 km. The fastest secondary GWs with cH \∼ 500600 
                         m/s are large-scale GWs with \λH \∼ 3,0007,500 km and 
                         \τr \∼ 1.57 hr. They reach the antipode over Africa 
                         \∼9 hr after creation. Large-scale temporally and spatially 
                         varying wind changes of \∼80120 m/s are created where the 
                         secondary GWs dissipate. We analyze the Tonga waves measured by 
                         the Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution 
                         Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) on the National Aeronautics and 
                         Space Administration Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), and 
                         find that the observed GWs were medium to large-scale with cH 
                         \∼ 100600 m/s and \λH \∼ 8007,500 km, in good 
                         agreement with the simulated secondary GWs. We also find good 
                         agreement between ICON-MIGHTI and HIAMCM for the timing, 
                         amplitudes, locations, and wavelengths of the Tonga waves, 
                         provided we increase the GW amplitudes by \∼2 and sample 
                         them \∼30 min later than ICON.",
                  doi = "10.1029/2022JA031138",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2022JA031138",
                 issn = "2169-9402",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "JGR Space Physics - 2023 - Vadas - Primary and Secondary Gravity 
                         Waves and Large\‐Scale Wind Changes Generated by the 
                         Tonga.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "12 maio 2024"
}